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This expansion for the modular vector assembly platform BEVA (Bacterial Expression Vector Archive) introduces 11 new BEVA parts including two new cloning site variants, two new antibiotic resistance modules, three new origins of replication, and four new accessary modules. As a result, the modular system is now doubled in size and expanded in its capacity to produce diverse replicating plasmids. Furthermore, it is now amenable to genetic engineering methods involving genome-manipulation of target strains through deletions or integrations. In addition to introducing the new modules, we provide several BEVA-derived Golden Gate cloning plasmids that are used to validate parts and that may be useful for genetic engineering of proteobacteria and other bacteria. We also introduce new parts to allow compatibility with the CIDAR MoClo parts libraries. 

Transit-time damping (TTD) is a process in which the magnetic mirror force – induced by the parallel gradient of magnetic field strength – interacts with resonant plasma particles in a time-varying magnetic field, leading to the collisionless damping of electromagnetic waves and the resulting energization of those particles through the perpendicular component of the electric field,$$E_\perp$$. In this study, we utilize the recently developed field–particle correlation technique to analyse gyrokinetic simulation data. This method enables the identification of the velocity-space structure of the TTD energy transfer rate between waves and particles during the damping of plasma turbulence. Our analysis reveals a unique bipolar pattern of energy transfer in the velocity-space characteristic of TTD. By identifying this pattern, we provide clear evidence of TTD's significant role in the damping of strong plasma turbulence. Additionally, we compare the TTD signature with that of Landau damping (LD). Although they both produce a bipolar pattern of phase-space energy density loss and gain about the parallel resonant velocity of the Alfvénic waves, they are mediated by different forces and exhibit different behaviours as the perpendicular velocity$$v_\perp \to 0$$. We also explore how the dominant damping mechanism varies with ion plasma beta$$\beta _i$$, showing that TTD dominates over LD for$$\beta _i > 1$$. This work deepens our understanding of the role of TTD in the damping of weakly collisional plasma turbulence and paves the way to seek the signature of TTD usingin situspacecraft observations of turbulence in space plasmas. 

Abstract The storage of anthropogenic heat in oceans is geographically inhomogeneous, leading to differential warming rates among major ocean basins with notable regional climate impacts. Our analyses of observation-based datasets show that the average warming rate of 0–2000-m Atlantic Ocean since 1960 is nearly threefold stronger than that of the Indo-Pacific Oceans. This feature is robustly captured by historical simulations of phase 6 of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and is projected to persist into the future. In CMIP6 simulations, the ocean heat uptake through surface heat fluxes plays a central role in shaping the interbasin warming contrasts. In addition to the slowdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation as stressed in some existing studies, alterations of atmospheric conditions under greenhouse warming are also essential for the increased surface heat flux into the North Atlantic. Specifically, the reduced anthropogenic aerosol concentration in the North Atlantic since the 1980s has been favorable for the enhanced Atlantic Ocean heat uptake in CMIP6 models. Another previously overlooked factor is the geographic shape of the Atlantic Ocean which is relatively wide in midlatitudes and narrow in low latitudes, in contrast to that of the Indo-Pacific Oceans. Combined with the poleward migration of atmospheric circulations, which leads to the meridional pattern of surface heat uptake with broadly enhanced heat uptake in midlatitude oceans due to reduced surface wind speed and cloud cover, the geographic shape effect renders a higher basin-average heat uptake in the Atlantic. 

Abstract We report findings from an eDelphi study that aimed to explore 16 expert panelists’ perspectives regarding the key attributes of learning experience design (LXD) as it relates to the following: design, disciplines, methods, and theory. Findings suggest consensus was reached regarding LXD’s focus on learner-centrism and incorporating human-centered design practices to design learning environments. LXD practitioners adapt methods and theories from fields such as human–computer interaction and user experience. Implications suggest a need to develop specific methods and theories within our own field. 

Abstract The warm-to-cold densification of Atlantic Water (AW) around the perimeter of the Nordic Seas is a critical component of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, it remains unclear how ongoing changes in air-sea heat flux impact this transformation. Here we use observational data, and a one-dimensional mixing model following the flow, to investigate the role of air-sea heat flux on the cooling of AW. We focus on the Norwegian Atlantic Slope Current (NwASC) and Front Current (NwAFC), where the primary transformation of AW occurs. We find that air-sea heat flux accounts almost entirely for the net cooling of AW along the NwAFC, while oceanic lateral heat transfer appears to dominate the temperature change along the NwASC. Such differing impacts of air-sea interaction, which explain the contrasting long-term changes in the net cooling along two AW branches since the 1990s, need to be considered when understanding the AMOC variability. 

The year 1975 can be claimed to be the year of inception for the research and development of solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIB), when the ionic conductivity of polyethylene oxide–alkaline metal ion complex was found by Peter Wright from the University of Sheffield. However, SPE research has undergone a leapfrog development, with conductivity values improving from 1 × 10–7 S·cm−1 to 1 × 10– 1 S·cm−1. The seed of development of SPEs spurs from the need for introducing design freedom to battery structures as well as the need for leak-proof electrolytes, greater operational safety, higher energy density, and other considerations. While the benefits of SPEs are evident, poor interfacial contact is a major factor limiting their application. This review presents the history of SPEs and shows how the additive manufacturing (AM) could prove beneficial for the improvement of performance and the functional implementation of SPEs. While the article articulates a technical review of additively manufactured SPEs, it also provides a lab-to-market perspective that could aid in shaping the future of green technology in energy storage. It also aims to provide an overall picture about the evolution and diversity of research advances in the development of greener SPEs through AM technology.